The Santorini Eruption - Moses and the parting of the red Sea (Thera Eruption)

Geologists believe that the explosion on Santorini  was the single-most powerful explosive event ever witnessed and that this single event is widely overlooked in the historical context of the effects it had on society at the time

Minoan culture crumbled as a result of the eruption, historians believe, changing the political landscape of the ancient world indefinitely. Environmental effects were felt across the globe, as far away as China and perhaps even North America and Antarctica.

The legend of Atlantis and the story of the Biblical plagues and subsequent exodus from Egypt have also been connected to the epic catastrophe with exploded with the force of hundred of Atomic Bombs, instantly killing many thousands of people as the blast of Santorini was heard over 3000 miles away

One of the most Epic stories in the Bible is the Story of Moses parting the Red Sea as the Israelites fled to safety under the protection of God through the guidance of Moses, it strikes us immediately as a Miracle but one group of researchers disagree,

They say the parting of the Red Sea was a natural event and it is linked to the Tsunamis that were triggered as the Volcano on Santorini erupted, engulfing the Kingdoms of the Mediterranean in Cataclysmic occurrences, the Eruption on Santorini is one of the biggest eruptions in the past 10 thousand years and only now are we beginning to understand that this is widely connected to other narratives that were described by other cultures at this time, often simply describing an act of God because they simply did not know what was going on so the connections can only now be realized,

When the waters drew back in preparation for the surge, the Israelites hurried across. The waves roared back in before the Egyptians, whose chariots were trapped and slowed by the wet sand and mud, this was the result of Tsunamis triggered by the Santorini eruption according to researchers in Spain,
Now, we are not saying that what we are about to tell you guys is 100% accurate, but what we are saying is that we should be attempting to piece together an accurate overview of the History that has been lost in an effort to properly understand the timeline of the past, not everything said here is going to be accurate, but only during the process of research are we going to find this understanding, and that will involve making mistakes and through this elimination process will we arrive at the truth so Wait till you hear this

Scientists studying the Biblical Narrative in the Spanish City of Seville have come up with an alternative answer to the apparent act of God at the parting of the Red Sea,

When the eruption happened on Santorini, roughly around 1650BC, it destabilized the Entire region, reports in Egypt describe structural damage followed by a Darkness that could not be lit by a flame and the fallout from this brought temporary climate change that probably had adverse effects on the Entire World one way or another,

Lava flowing into the sea, land slips and the subsequent collapse of the caldera generated huge tsunamis that swept the Aegean Sea with waves of 15 meters high sweeping the entire region, leaving sedimentary deposits in many parts of the coast. 

Even at the far away coast of Israel there has been found similar marks of the remnants of a tsunami, which have been dated approximately to the same period of the eruption on Santorini,

The path of the Israelites, guided by Moses, is described in the biblical story of Exodus in the Old Testament. As written: “And the Lord spoke unto Moses, saying, Speak unto the children of Israel, that they turn and encamp before Pihahiroth, between Migdol and the sea, over against Baalzephon: before it shall ye encamp by the sea.”

Following this text, the separation of the waters should have happened in the vicinity of Migdol, a location that has been identified, thanks to various archaeological studies developed in the area, with a military fortress of the Way of Horus . This is on the banks of the Shi-Hor lagoon, which opened into the Mediterranean, to the northwest of Sinai, and could be the 'Sea of Reeds' in the Bible,

It is for these reasons that researchers at the School of Agricultural Engineering of the University of Seville believe that the reference to the Red Sea parting appears to have just been a recurring translation error. Their simulations that recreate the old waterfront of the area around Migdol support this theory

The reliability of the narrative of the Biblical Exodus has been subject of heated debate for decades. Recent archaeological studies seem to provide new insight of the exodus path, and although with a still controversial chronology, the effects of the Minoan Santorini eruption have been proposed as a likely explanation of the biblical plagues. Particularly, it has been suggested that flooding by the associated tsunamis could explain the first plague and the sea parting. Recent modelling studies have shown that Santorini’s tsunami effects were negligible in the eastern Nile Delta,

Historians and archaeologists have had trouble deciding on the year Thera erupted, with dates ranging anywhere from 1645 BC to 1500 BC. Studies of ash deposits on the ocean floor have revealed, however, that when the volcano did blow, it did so with a force dwarfing anything humans had ever seen or have seen since, the Tempest Stele being a possible description of the effects of the event in Egypt,

Winds would have carried the volcanic ash to Egypt at some point over the summer, and the toxic acids in the volcanic ash would have included the mineral cinnabar, which could have been capable of turning a river a blood-like red colour, The accumulated acidity in the water would have caused frogs to leap out and search for clean water. Insects would have burrowed eggs in the bodies of dead animals and human survivors, which generated larvae and then adult insects.

Then, the volcanic ash in the atmosphere would have affected the weather, with acid rain landing on people’s skin, which in turn caused boils. The grass would have been contaminated, poisoning the animals that ate it. The humidity from the rain and the subsequent hail would have created optimal conditions for locusts to thrive.

Volcanic eruptions could also explain the several days of darkness, which means nine plagues are accounted for, - amid all this destruction, firstborn children could have been sacrificed out of sheer desperation in the hopes that such a meaningful sacrifice would lead their gods to stop punishing them.

The plagues occurred due to the volcanic eruption and attracted hordes of locusts and there was evidence of erratic animal activity due largely to the alteration of air pressure and weather conditions. After the complete devastation of Egypt, the Jews were able to get away in spite of the Pharaoh’s soldiers in hot pursuit. In the Exodus, there is a quotation which goes like this: By day in a pillar of cloud, to lead them the way; and by night in a pillar of fire, to give them light (Exodus 13:21). This state of biblical affairs can easily be related to the volcanic eruption of Santorini

The Exodus dates back to 1447 BC, but this is by no means exact due to the fact that it is an anthology of stories. Historians have said that they have no clue to the Pharaoh who ruled during the era of Moses which in itself is regarded as the most authentic timing of the story, - if the tempest Stele is also to be considered then a more accurate dating of the event can be related to the Pharaoh Ahmose I, which BTW Ahmose incredibly translates as the ‘Brother of Moses’ Yet in Egyptian, "Mose," "Moses," "Mes," etc. means "son of." and "Ah" is a common part of Egyptian royal names referring to the moon god Iah. The examination of the mummy of Ahmose's son appears to have died at the age of 12. In the Bible, the pharaoh loses a son to the Plague of the Firstborn,

We will of course link the findings below for you to go and have a look for yourself guys, we are not just saying that this is the case, that all the things said here are the truth, but at least keep an open mind in the study of the past, these things after all were told after the events had happened and the written accounts could be glorified as Origin Stories, bits lost here, bits added there, it all makes for interpretation in any event and we just wanted to make you guys aware of the fact that the Eruption on Santorini may be the driving force for many Ancient Accounts that were associated with God like activity, we recommend you check out our Video on the Tempest Stela of Ahmose I and we would love to hear from you below so sign the comments section so we can gather your thoughts on the matter. As always Thank you for watching 

The #SantoriniEruption has a lot to answer for and it would appear that this massive explosion has been majorly overlooked in a #Historical context, #Moses and the #PartingoftheRedSea maybe related to this event according to researchers in the Spanish City of Seville 

Narrated by Fadedragontear:

https://www.youtube.com/fadedragontear

Normally narrated by BuzWeaver:

https://www.youtube.com/user/BuzWeaver

The Research:

https://www.agenciasinc.es/Noticias/Tsunamis-en-Santorini-pudieron-inspirar-el-exodo-biblico

Licensed under a creative commons:

https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/

Ahmose I and the Cataclysm Stela:

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PlfgVrZENCA

All the latest from 'The Lost History Channel:

https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLV-I21lCq9lkivgexh0TrsNj3pnbI2na6

Is the Thera eruption the basis of the Atlantis myth?

Civilization exists by geological consent, subject to change without notice. - Will Durant

The shape of the Aegean island of Santorini reveals a violent past. Maps or images from orbit show a ring of small islands with steep cliffs, typical for a submerged caldera. Such a caldera forms when a volcano empties his magma chamber during a violent eruption and the overlying mountain collapses, the remains are then flooded by the sea.

The volcano of Santorini, referred also as Thera after the largest island of the archipelago, is located along the collision zone of the African-Mediterranean Plate in the south and the Aegean Plate in the north.  Parts of the oceanic crust of the Mediterranean Sea are pushed under the continental crust of the Aegean Plate. The crust melts and forms a large magma reservoir located 6 to 12 miles below a series of volcanic islands dotting the Aegean Sea. From time to time large blobs of magma rise, recharging the magma chamber until a volcano eventually will erupt.

The Aegean Sea with the Cyclades islands. The islands of volcanic origin (shown in orange), including Santorini, form a line that follows the borders of two large tectonic plates. Image from the Physical Atlas by Heinrich Berghaus, published 1838-48. (Photo by David Bressan)

The effects of the last great eruption that created the modern shape of Santorini, probably one of the most violent in European history, on people and society at the time was and still is debated. In 1930 the Greek archaeologist Spyridon Marinatos discovered the remains of the ancient port city of Santorini, referred as Akrotiri, buried under the volcanic deposits. The archaeological digs revealed that Akrotiri was an import outpost of the Minoean civilization, with its cultural center on the island of Crete, distant just 74 miles from Santorini. Like Pompeii, the volcanic deposits preserved the city, however unlike Pompeii, no bodies were found. The inhabitants apparently evacuated the city in time never to return. Carbon dating of burned wood recovered from the ruins give a date for the eruption around 1600-1627 BCE. The eruption was so violent that it generated a series of tsunami waves, hitting the coast of the larger island of Crete. Some authors have suggested that this widespread destruction caused by the eruption inspired also the myth of Atlantis. Greek philosopher Platon writes around 350BCE that 9,000 years earlier '...there occurred violent earthquakes and floods; and in a single day and night of misfortune all your warlike men in a body sank into the earth, and the island of Atlantis in like manner disappeared in the depths of the sea.' Greek seismologist Angelos Galanopoulos noted in 1956 that the surface area given by Plato for Atlantis is almost ten times the surface of Santorini before the eruption. Supposedly sometime in history a zero to much was added to the story. Also if we assume 900 years instead of 9,000 the real date of the eruption fits better, even if not exactly, with Plato´s given date. However there is no direct evidence to link the destruction of Santorini with the supposed tragic fate of Atlantis and anyway Plato´s writing were of political-philosophical nature, not a historical account.

In any case we can assume that the eruption of Thera and following effects severely impacted the Minoan civilization. Many archaeological sites discovered on Crete are buried under sediments composed of rocks, human artifacts (like pottery) and  even marine fossils. Only a large tsunami wave coming from the sea could have formed such deposits.

Supposedly the tsunami generated when the sea flow abruptly into the caldera formed during the collapse of the volcano. However new published research contradicts this model. According to surveys of the modern seafloor an outer rim made up of deposits of pyroclastic flows, still standing after the collapse, prevented water to enter the caldera. Pyroclastic flows are characteristic of explosive eruptions and consist of a mixture of rocky material, volcanic ash and hot gases, descending at high speed from the volcano´s crater.

Detail of a fossil pyroclastic flow, composed of large boulders and fine volcanic ash. Deposited as a 1,300-2,000°F hot flow the rocks partially melt and stick together, forming a temporarily stable and impermeable layer. (Photo by David Bressan)

Santorini is still surrounded by a 200 ft thick layer of such deposits and it is likely that during the eruption the deposits raised above sea level, forming an outer, impermeable dam around the central caldera. Only after this dam partially collapsed, maybe days or weeks after the cataclysmic eruption, the inner caldera slowly flooded, forming the modern Santorini.  In the new model the pyroclastic flows could also explain the tsunami waves.  Speed and density of large flows are high enough to displace large quantities of water when impacting onto the sea, generating a series of waves.

There is no evidence that the Minoans ever again settled on Santorini after the eruption. Also on Crete the destruction of the harbors and possibly large parts of the Minoan fleet significantly weakened this first seagoing civilization. This could explain a long lasting archaeological mystery. For almost 1500 years the Minoans had ruled over the eastern Mediterranean Sea, but around 1600BCE sites outside Crete and related to the Minoan culture almost disappear from the record. The demise of the Minoans enabled however some cities on the Greek mainland to rise to power. Today this date is considered the beginning of the golden age of Ancient Greek, important due its later influences on European history.

The volcano of Santorini is still active today. After the collapse two new smaller peaks formed inside the caldera, named today Palea Kameni and Nea Kameni, meaning the 'old and new burned island'.

Interested in reading more? Try:  

FEDER, K. (2014): Frauds, Myths, and Mysteries - Science and Pseudoscience in Archaeology. McGraw-Hill Publisher, New York: 390

OPPENHEIMER, C. (2011): Eruptions that Shook the World. Cambridge University Press: 392

By David Bressan

Scholars have shaped study of earliest civilizations

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The Lost History Channel TKTC:

The ancient town of Edfu sits on a sandstone outcrop on the west bank of the Nile, protecting it from annual floods. It has been excavated since 2001 by University of Chicago professor Nadine Moeller. - By By Louise Lerner, UChicagoNews

OI marks 100 years 

of discovery in the

ancient Middle East

Aug 7, 2019

Exactly 1 century ago, a few lone scholars began arguing a controversial idea: Western civilization had its roots not in Greece and Rome, as academics had maintained for centuries, but further back—in the sun-drenched lands of the ancient Middle East.

That idea was at the center of the Oriental Institute at the University of Chicago when it was founded in 1919. Over the course of the next 100 years, the OI has changed how humans understand their own history through groundbreaking work in archaeology, linguistics, and historical and literary analysis—work that continues today in Chicago and across the Middle East.

“The ancient Middle East is part of our origin story. This is the place where humans created the first villages, cities and eventually empires, and along the way developed essential technologies that form the basis of today’s world, such as the domestication of plants and animals and the invention of writing,” said Christopher Woods, the John A. Wilson Professor and director of the OI, and a leading scholar of Sumerian language and writing. “In many cases, what was created in Mesopotamia influenced our world, and the OI’s work over the past century has been essential to understanding these cultural threads.”

Scholars at the OI laid the foundations for the modern study of the ancient Middle East, with the work assuming an extraordinary array of forms: innovative, field-defining excavations and research projects across the Middle East; linguistic research that furthers the decipherment of ancient languages; the creation of cultural encyclopedias for long-lost civilizations; state-of-the-art satellite and digital imaging methods for the discovery of ancient settlements; and centers for the documentation and preservation of the region’s imperiled cultural heritage. The work continues today through excavations and research projects led by OI scholars in places such as Egypt, Iraq, Turkey and Afghanistan, as well as scholarship to reconstruct histories, literatures and religions of long-lost civilizations.

The research of the OI has uncovered new ways of seeing what connects humans and why—providing insights and perspectives not just into the ancient world but on the challenges we still face today, from environmental change to immigration to disruptive technologies.

“There, in the Fertile Crescent, human beings forged something remarkable: a collective identity and life,” Woods said. “To become “we,” they had to decide who leads, which ideas and behaviors to encourage and which to punish, and where they stood together in the world and in the cosmos—in other words, how to become humans, together.”

“The ancient Middle East is part of our origin story. This is the place where humans created the first villages, cities, and eventually empires 

—Prof. Christopher Woods, director of the OI

Read more here: https://news.uchicago.edu/story/oi-marks-100-years-discovery-ancient-middle-east

Sivan 2 to M31

From within the boundaries of the constellation Cassiopeia (left) to Andromeda (right), this telescopic mosaic spans over 10 degrees in planet Earth's skies. The celestial scene is constructed of panels that are part of a high-resolution astronomical survey of the Milky Way in hydrogen-alpha light. Processing the monochromatic image data has brought out the region's faintest structures, relatively unexplored filaments of hydrogen gas near the plane of our Milky Way Galaxy. Large but faint and also relatively unknown nebula Sivan 2 is at the upper left in the field. The nearby Andromeda Galaxy, M31, is at center right, while the faint, pervasive hydrogen nebulosities stretch towards M31 across the foreground in the wide field of view. The broad survey image demonstrates the intriguing faint hydrogen clouds recently imaged by astronomer Rogelio Bernal Andreo really are within the Milky Way, along the line-of-sight to the Andromeda Galaxy.

Sivan 2 to M31 

Image Credit & Copyright: MDW Sky Survey (David Mittelman, Dennis di Cicco, Sean Walker)

Orbiter Steers Clear of Mars Moon Phobos

NASA’s MAVEN spacecraft performed a previously unscheduled maneuver this week to avoid a collision in the near future with Mars’ moon Phobos.
The Mars Atmosphere and VolatileEvolutioN (MAVEN)spacecraft has been orbiting Mars for just over two years, studying the Red Planet’s upper atmosphere, ionosphere and interactions with the sun and solar wind. On Tuesday the spacecraft carried out a rocket motor burn that boosted its velocity by 0.4 meters per second (less than 1 mile per hour). Although a small correction, it was enough that -- projected to one week later when the collision would otherwise have occurred -- MAVEN would miss the lumpy, crater-filled moon by about 2.5 minutes.

This is the first collision avoidance maneuver that the MAVEN spacecraft has performed at Mars to steer clear of Phobos. The orbits of both MAVEN and Phobos are known well enough that this timing difference ensures that they will not collide.

MAVEN, with an elliptical orbit around Mars, has an orbit that crosses those of other spacecraft and the moon Phobos many times over the course of a year.  When the orbits cross, the objects have the possibility of colliding if they arrive at that intersection at the same time. These scenarios are known well in advance and are carefully monitored by NASA’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) in Pasadena, California, which sounded the alert regarding the possibility of a collision.

With one week’s advance notice, it looked like MAVEN and Phobos had a good chance of hitting each other on Monday, March 6, arriving at their orbit crossing point within about 7 seconds of each other. Given Phobos’ size (modeled for simplicity as a 30-kilometer sphere, a bit larger than the actual moon in order to be conservative), they had a high probability of colliding if no action were taken.

Said MAVEN Principal Investigator Bruce Jakosky of the University of Colorado in Boulder, “Kudos to the JPL navigation and tracking teams for watching out for possible collisions every day of the year, and to the MAVEN spacecraft team for carrying out the maneuver flawlessly.”

Titan: Send in the Clouds

Floating high above the hydrocarbon lakes, wispy clouds have finally started to return to Titan's northern latitudes.

Clouds like these disappeared from Titan's (3,200 miles or 5,150 kilometers across) northern reaches for several years (from about 2010 to 2014). Now they have returned, but in far smaller numbers than expected. Since clouds can quickly appear and disappear, Cassini scientists regularly monitor the large moon, in the hopes of observing cloud activity. They are especially interested in comparing these observations to predictions of how cloud cover should change with Saturn’s seasons. Titan’s clear skies are not what researchers expected.

This view looks toward the Saturn-facing side of Titan. North on Titan is up and rotated 3 degrees to the left. The image was taken with the Cassini spacecraft narrow-angle camera on Oct. 29, 2016 using a spectral filter that preferentially admits wavelengths of near-infrared light centered at 938 nanometers.

The view was obtained at a distance of approximately 545,000 miles (878,000 kilometers) from Titan. Image scale is 3 miles (5 kilometers) per pixel.

New Research Reveals Fluctuating Atmosphere of Jupiter’s Volcanic Moon

Jupiter’s volcanic moon Io has a thin atmosphere that collapses in the shadow of Jupiter, condensing as ice, according to a new study by NASA-funded researchers. The study reveals the freezing effects of Jupiter’s shadow during daily eclipses on the moon’s volcanic gases.

“This research is the first time scientists have observed this remarkable phenomenon directly, improving our understanding of this geologically active moon,” said Constantine Tsang, a scientist at the Southwest Research Institute in Boulder, Colorado. The study was published Aug. 2 in the Journal of Geophysical Research.

Io is the most volcanically active object in the solar system. The volcanoes are caused by tidal heating, the result of gravitational forces from Jupiter and other moons. These forces result in geological activity, most notably volcanoes that emit umbrella-like plumes of sulfur dioxide gas that can extend up to 300 miles (480 kilometers) above Io and produce extensive basaltic lava fields that can flow for hundreds of miles.

The new study documents atmospheric changes on Io as the giant planet casts its shadow over the moon’s surface during daily eclipses. Io’s thin atmosphere, which consists primarily of sulfur dioxide (SO2) gas emitted from volcanoes, collapses as the SO2 freezes onto the surface as ice when Io is shaded by Jupiter, then is restored when the ice warms and sublimes (i.e. transforms from solid back to gas) when the moon moves out of eclipse back into sunlight.

The study used the large eight-meter Gemini North telescope in Hawaii and an instrument called the Texas Echelon Cross Echelle Spectrograph (TEXES). Data showed that Io’s atmosphere begins to “deflate” when the temperatures drop from -235 degrees Fahrenheit in sunlight to -270 degrees Fahrenheit during eclipse. Eclipse occurs two hours of every Io day (1.7 Earth days). In full eclipse, the atmosphere effectively collapses, as most of the sulfur dioxide gas settles as frost on the moon’s surface. The atmosphere redevelops as the surface warms once the moon returns to full sunlight.

Artist’s concept of the atmospheric collapse of Jupiter’s volcanic moon Io, which is eclipsed by Jupiter for two hours of each day (1.7 Earth days). The resulting temperature drop freezes sulfur dioxide gas, causing the atmosphere to “deflate,” as seen in the shadowed area on the left.

Credits: SwRI/Andrew Blanchard

“This confirms that Io’s atmosphere is in a constant state of collapse and repair, and shows that a large fraction of the atmosphere is supported by sublimation of SO2 ice,” said John Spencer, a co-author of the new study, also at the Southwest Research Institute. “Though Io’s hyperactive volcanoes are the ultimate source of the SO2, sunlight controls the atmospheric pressure on a daily basis by controlling the temperature of the ice on the surface.  We’ve long suspected this, but can finally watch it happen.”

Prior to the study, no direct observations of Io’s atmosphere in eclipse had been possible because Io’s atmosphere is difficult to observe in the darkness of Jupiter’s shadow.  This breakthrough was possible because TEXES measures the atmosphere using heat radiation, not sunlight, and the giant Gemini telescope can sense the faint heat signature of Io’s collapsing atmosphere.

The observations occurred over two nights in November 2013, when Io was more than 420 million miles (675 million kilometers) from Earth. On both occasions, Io was observed moving into Jupiter’s shadow for a period about 40 minutes before and after the start of the eclipse.

The research was funded by NASA’s Solar System Workings and Solar System Observations programs.